What Is The Difference Between Plant And Animal Cells
Plant cells and animal cells are two types of eukaryotic cells. Thus, both these cell types are composed of membrane-bound organelles like nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Both cell types contain 80S ribosomes for protein synthesis. Plant cells exhibit a fixed, rectangular shape due to the presence of a cell wall. Their cell wall is mainly composed of cellulose. On the contrary, animal cells have a round, irregular shape due to the absence of a cell wall. The key difference between plant and animal cells is that plant cells are composed of cell walls and chloroplasts whereas animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts.
Plant cells belong to the kingdom: Plantae. One of the characteristic features in plant cells is the cellulose cell wall they bear. Plant cell wall is mainly composed of different compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin. These compounds are secreted by protoplast in the cell membrane. The cell wall provides the shape to form tissues of the plant and plays a vital role in intercellular communication, in addition to providing protection. The cell wall helps to form plant-microbe interactions. Plasmodesmata is a specialized cell-to-cell communication pathway that is created through the pores in the primary cell wall. Plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum of the adjacent cells are continuous through the plasmodesmata.
On the other hand, plant cells consist of a large, central vacuole. The membrane of the vacuole is called the tonoplast. Water-filled vacuole maintains cell’s turgor and helps to control the movement of molecules between the cytosol and the sap. Ultimately, the vacuole stores digested waste proteins and organelles and other useful material.
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Another major characteristic in plant cells is their ability to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water with the aid of sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the green-colored pigment which absorbs the sun light. It occurs in plastids identified as chloroplast.
On the other hand, amylplasts are another plastid type which is specialized for the storage of starch. Elaioplasts are specialized for the storage of fat. Pigments are synthesized and stored in chromoplasts. Plastids are composed of their own genomes with about 100 to 120 unique genes in it. Plastids are thought to be originated from prokaryotic endosymbionts found in early ancestor eukaryotes.
Multicellular cells belonging to the kingdom: animalia are referred to as animal cells. Approximately 210 distinct cell types can be found in adult human body. They have various functions like production of enzymes, hormones and production of energy. Animal cells are smaller in size compared to plant cells. They are irregular in shape due to the lack of a cell wall. The outer boundary of an animal cell is the plasma membrane which is considered as semi-permeable. Semi-permeable membranes only allow selected molecules to move across it. Plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids containing polor heads and non-polor tails. It is described by the lipid bi-layer model. Animal cells also lack a large vacuole as well as plastids. They contain structures like cilia, centrioles, flagella and lysosomes. Lysosomes store digestive enzymes.
Differences Between Plant And Animal Cells
The basic structure of plant and animal cells are comparatively the same. Animal cells are smaller than plant cells. They also consist of an irregular shape. Therefore animal cells can act as transporters. The most common example is red blood cells in human circular system. On the other hand, plant cells contain plastids called chloroplast for photosynthesis. But, animal cells do not contain chloroplasts. Thus, plant cells are considered as autotrophs whereas the animal cells are considered as heterotrophs. This is the main difference between plant and animal cells.
Lakna, a graduate in Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, is a Molecular Biologist and has a broad and keen interest in the discovery of nature related thingsAround 1838, an animal physiologist, Theodor Schwann, and a botanist, Matthias Schleiden, put forth the unprecedented work on the concept of cells as the building blocks of all living organisms. From that point forward, cell theory has grown into the foundations of modern era biological research without which none of today’s discoveries would be possible.
We now know that there are a myriad of different cell types, with outstanding capabilities and functions. Regardless of how different all types of cells may be, there are common characteristics to all of them, along with established differences as well.
What Is The Difference Between The Organs Of A Plant And Animal?
Whether we are looking at multicellular organisms or those containing one single cell, all of them will be manifesting the same features necessary to support life. We will go over certain similarities and characteristics of the animal and plant cells, in order to gain a better understanding of each. In that context, the last few paragraphs we will be focusing on the primary differences between plant cells and animal cells.
The size of plant cells usually ranges from 10-100 µm, which is a range that is bigger than animal cells. The primary function of these cells in plants is to carry out the process of photosynthesis via chloroplast which gives them their color. The cells themselves maintain their structure thanks to cellulose that make the walls of the cells. These cell walls aren't found in cells within the animal kingdom - we'll look at that in just a bit.
There are several different small structures inside the cell itself, called organelles, each with a specific function. These organelles are found in both types of cells discussed here, with many of them identical in function. Here are some of the most important ones that we find in plant cells:
Comparing Plant And Animal Cells Lesson
Plasma Membrane - makes sure the structure of the cells remains intact and consequently keeps the cell content from spilling out. It also enables molecule movement via osmosis and diffusion.
Cell wall - different from a membrane by being found only in plant cells where it encompasses the cell membrane. The cell wall is firm but completely porous at the same time.
Chloroplasts/plastids - also found only in plant cells, these organelles enable photosynthesis when exposed to sunlight. Plastids are a group name for various kinds of chloroplasts that differ in color.
Difference Between Plants And Animals (with Comparison Chart And Similarities)
Vacuoles - provide structural integrity to the cell but also contain a variety of liquids or solids. These organelles are responsible for the colors we see on flowers.
Animal cell size ranges from 10-30 µm, which makes it obvious that plant cells can be much bigger, clearly, depending on the plant. The primary difference from plant cells is that animal cells don’t contain chloroplast nor structurally important cell walls.
It is obvious why animal cells lack in chloroplast, as there is no process of photosynthesis that generates food for the cells - animal cells create their energy via different process. But the interesting question is why exactly do they lack cell walls.
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The primary theory is that the main culprit for the absence of cell wall is the evolution itself. Unlike plants, animal kingdom evolved to have more complex cells that are specialized to a greater extent and are able to sustain the structure of the cell without the cell wall. Obviously, just like plants cells, they also contain organelles with a variety of functions:
Plasma membrane - just like in plant cells, this structure allows for molecule movement through the cell itself and protects the internal structures of the cell, that is, other organelles.
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Mitochondria - generates the energy necessary to sustain cell life by breaking down nutrients and transforming them into food molecules for the cell.
Difference Between Plants And Animals In Tabular Form
Cytokinesis - responsible for the division of cytoplasm while the cell is dividing. In animal cells, this division happens via the formation of cleavage furrow that grips the membrane and divides it in half.
Centrioles - cylindrically shaped objects within the cells are active during the process of cell division. Their function is to arrange the formation of microtubules - structural polymers of the cell.
Both types of cells are identical in so much that they need to somehow produce energy to support themselves and to allow for growth. Both cell types also contain internal structures that are employed in specific processes that permit optimal functioning on a cellular level.
Cell The Unit Of Life
As was visible throughout the article, there are certain types of cells that are found in animal cells that cannot be found in plant cells, and vice versa.
The most obvious ones are cell chloroplast, wall, and vacuoles. These cells can only be found in plants. Although both animal and plant kingdom falls under the eukaryotes (multi-celled, as opposed to prokaryotic, which is single-celled), animal cells have much more complex structure.
Animal cells look very different to plant cells. They are typically smaller than plant cells, with a roundish shape which is fairly irregular. Plant cells have a rectangular shape and are larger.
What Is The Difference Between Animal Cells & Plant Cells ?
Animal cells do not contain cell walls as one of the organelles, but they do have a plasma membrane which is the same as in plants.
Both types of cells do have a nucleus, which is expected. However, in plants, it is located to the side of the cell, whereas in animal cells have their nucleus in the middle.
Animal cells are not equipped to carry out the synthesis of nutrients, while plants have no issues with synthesising various acids, vitamins and
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