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In a small, bare, windowless room in Newcastle University's Institute of Neuroscience, Ukiah, a six-year-old macaque monkey, is playing a computer game.

Strapped into a specially-designed primate chair, Ukiah stares intently at the monitor in front of her, trying to line up a yellow ball with a red target that skips around the screen.

Her attention is only broken when she succeeds and looks up to receive a piece of fruit as a reward from the lab technician standing at her elbow.

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In fact, the only really disconcerting thing about the whole experiment are the wires trailing from the metal cranial implant (it looks a bit like a small tin can surgically attached to her head) to a battery of computer processors on a rack in the corner of the room.

This is the business end of the experiment. Dr Andrew Jackson watches closely as the individual neurones firing in Ukiah's brain as she moves the cursor are displayed on yet another screen.

What goes wrong after an injury to different parts of that system and in developing new treatments to restore movement function to people that have been paralysed by those injuries.

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The research needs to be done in primates, rather than rats or mice Dr Jackson insists, because monkeys use their forelimbs and hands to manipulate objects very much like we do.

Other animals, like rodents, don't. So if we want to develop technologies to restore this pathway after it's been lost, non-human primate research is vitally important.

But not everyone is convinced. A paper published by the animal rights charity Cruelty Free International argues that advances in neural imaging, computer modelling of the brain and studies of cell cultures in the lab, raise serious questions about whether experiments involving non-human primates are really necessary.

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Primates are not good models for humans, she says. You can do a lot of the same kinds of research in humans that actually suffer from the conditions you're trying to study: diseases. If you want to look at a condition that effects human beings use human relevant medicine.

Cruelty Free International's claims have been rejected in an open letter now signed by more than six hundred scientists actively involved in animal research.

It argues that the continued use of non-human primates is crucial to medical progress, and that stringent regulations mean every effort is made to keep both the number of animals used and suffering to a minimum.

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Professor Matthew Rushworth's work at Oxford University is a case in point. Professor Rushworth is using neural imaging to study decision-making in the brain.

But by using a new technique - transcranial magnetic stimulation - in human subjects, he has been able to dramatically reduce the number of primates involved in the study.

That means we can study what's going wrong when decision making breaks down. So it's only when we're not able to use transcranial magnetic stimulation that we move to animal models.

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And things have changed. Conditions in the animal facilities at both Oxford and Newcastle are more like something you might expect to find in a zoo, with animals housed in social groups and with a variety of perches, interconnecting passageways and secluded areas where the macaques can get away from it all.

If Ukiah wasn't happy she wouldn't carry on working like this. She would vocalise, she might try and struggle. And that's no use to us as scientists. We can't do our science if the animal is not co-operating.In recent years, there have been many scientific results that have impressed us and that are capable of accurately and effectively predicting safety data relevant to humans.At the same time, we are appalled that animal testing continues and that we still have to fight against it.In addition, conflicting laws mean that more animals than ever are suffering in tests, because one law prohibits them, but another allows them to continue and expand.

This year, The Lush Prize turns 10 … over the last 10 years, Lush Prize has awarded £2.7 million across 35 countries to 126 scientists, campaigners and educators all working towards removing animals from testing and as such ensuring a higher level of public safety.

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If you don’t already know, the Lush Prize started in 2012 as a joint project between Lush and Ethical Consumer Research Association. Its aim was to expedite the replacement of animal tests in product safety testing by rewarding and funding strategic projects and interventions anywhere in the world.

Over the years, we’ve been awed by the science that’s being developed to accurately and effectively predict safety data that’s human relevant. At the same time , we’re appalled that animal testing continues and that we still have to fight this. Plus, contradictory legislation means animal tests that are banned under one law are continuing and increasing under others, so that more animals than ever are suffering in testing

In homage of a decade of the Lush Prize, scientific consultant Rebecca Ram highlights 10 things about animal testing that you may be surprised to learn …

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Sadly, animal testing is not (yet) in the history books and hundreds of millions of animals suffer in labs ever year, worldwide. This includes safety testing (for ingredients in e.g. chemicals, drugs, cosmetics) and experimental scientific research. Over 3 million animals were used in experiments in the UK in 2021 and 192 million animals are used every year globally. [RR1] This figure is an intelligent estimate, as many countries don’t publish (or even count) the number of animals they use.

A big problem in the EU is two conflicting pieces of legislation. In 2013 in a very welcome move, the Cosmetics Directive put into place a ban on animal-tested cosmetics However, a piece of chemicals testing legislation known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) interrupted the progress.

REACH passed into law in 2007, and demands that companies who manufacture or import chemicals into Europe must meet certain criteria by law. As such, there is a process to follow:

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➜ If any safety data is missing, this may mean that tests on animals must be conducted if no other method is available.

Even though testing on animals under REACH is only supposed to be carried out as a last resort, animal welfare groups estimate that 2.6 million animals have been used for testing under REACH since the regulation’s inception [RR2].

Some animal testing is legally required (e.g. for products such as drugs or chemicals) and even here there is vast room for improvement on using non-animal methods. This is ‘regulatory’ testing.

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However, the large majority of animal use is not regulatory testing, but ‘basic’ or experimental research, which is very rarely (if ever) refused approval and new approach, non-animal methods could be much better investigated for use instead.

Often animal use continues because of convention or tradition, as those carrying out and approving the tests are so used to animals, they keep using them, even though there is a legal obligation to use non-animal methods wherever possible. Such is the bias towards animal tests that researchers who propose new human-relevant methods are often told to perform them in animals.

Animal testing has been considered as little better than a ‘coin toss’ in its ability to predict human health and safety. Animal tests cannot keep pace with the vast amount of ever emerging chemicals which require testing and thousands of chemicals still have unknown risks, despite decades of animal tests [RR3].

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90% of new drugs fail during human (clinical) trials having passed earlier (preclinical) tests which are largely based on animals. On the flipside, animals may react in ways that humans wouldn’t, e.g. to products which might be safe and effective in us, but get rejected on the basis of the animal tests [RR4].

This is well known in science, so animals are routinely genetically modified (GM) in their millions every year, to try to artificially create diseases, such as neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, organ failure or cancer. GM animals are now big business, with many labs worldwide specialising in their supply.

For example, just one test on a chemical to check its potential to cause cancer can take two years to run, use 860 rodents, cost between $2 and $4 million, and overall takes five years to plan, conduct and analyze the results [RR5]. New approach methods instead have the potential to be faster, cheaper and more reliable.

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As the average cost of gaining approval for one new medicine costs over $2 billion and takes 10-12 years, this means businesses waste billions of dollars. As noted in a recent study by Thomas Hartung and the Centre for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) team; “

” when non-animal methods – so-called New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) – are more efficient, cost-effective, and crucially more accurate in terms of human health impacts, in fact “

The majority of animals used are mice, rats, birds and fish . Monkeys and dogs are also routinely used in drugs testing, but nearly every other animal species is used in some way too. Just about any animal you can think of is used in laboratory research.

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These are often called ‘well established models’ which repeat the same types of