Css Animation Move Up
The world of web animations has become a sprawling jungle of tools and technologies. Libraries like GSAP and Framer Motion and React Spring have sprung up to help us add motion to the DOM.
The most fundamental and critical piece, though, is the humble CSS transition. It's the first animation tool that most front-end devs learn, and it's a workhorse. Even the most grizzled, weathered animation veterans still reach for this tool often.
There's a surprising amount of depth to this topic. In this tutorial, we'll dig in and learn a bit more about CSS transitions, and how we can use them to create lush, polished animations.
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This tutorial is meant to be accessible to developers of all experience levels. It can be thought of as CSS transitions 101. That said, I've sprinkled in some interesting and obscure tidbits — no matter your experience level, I bet you'll learn something!
By default, changes in CSS happen instantaneously. In the blink of an eye, our button has teleported to a new position! This is incongruous with the natural world, where things happen gradually.
It can be tempting to use this value, as it saves us a good chunk of typing if we're animating multiple properties, but I recommend not using it.
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As your product evolves, you (or someone on your team) will likely wind up updating this code at some point in the future. An unexpected animation could slip through.
Animation is like salt: too much of it spoils the dish. It pays to be really precise with the properties we animate.
When we tell an element to transition from one position to another, the browser needs to work out what each intermediary frame should look like.
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For example: let's say that we're moving an element from left to right, over a 1-second duration. A smooth animation should run at 60fps* , which means we'll need to come up with 60 individual positions between the start and end.
To clarify what's going on here: each faded circle represents a moment in time. As the circle moves from left to right, these are the frames that were shown to the user. It's like a flipbook.
In this animation, we're using a linear timing function. This means that the element moves at a constant pace; our circle moves by the same amount each frame.
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Is rarely the best choice — after all, pretty much nothing in the real world moves this way* . Good animations mimic the natural world, so we should pick something more organic!
Comes charging in like a wild bull, but it runs out of energy. By the end, it's pootering along like a sleepy turtle.
Try scrubbing with the timeline; notice how drastic the movement is in the first few frames, and how subtle it becomes towards the end.
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When would you use ease-out? It's most commonly used when something is entering from off-screen (eg. a modal appearing). It produces the effect that something came hustling in from far away, and settles in front of the user.
This combo is useful when something is entering and exiting the viewport, like a modal. We'll look at how to mix and match timing functions shortly.
Is pretty much exclusively useful for animations that end with the element offscreen or invisible; otherwise, the sudden stop can be jarring.
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I find this curve most useful for anything that happens in a loop (eg. an element fading in and out, over and over).
. Timing functions describe how a value should get from 0 to 1 over a fixed time interval, not how quickly the animation should complete. Some timing functions may feel faster or slower, but in these examples, they all take exactly 1 second to complete.
If the provided built-in options don't suit your needs, you can define your own custom easing curve, using the cubic bézier timing function!
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Once you come up with an animation curve you're satisfied with, click “Copy” at the top and paste it into your CSS!
You can also pick from this extended set of timing functions. Though beware: a few of the more outlandish options won't work in CSS.
When starting out with custom Bézier curves, it can be hard to come up with a curve that feels natural. With some practice, however, this is an incredibly
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Earlier, we mentioned that animations ought to run at 60fps. When we do the math, though, we realize that this means the browser only has 16.6 milliseconds to paint each frame. That's really not much time at all; for reference, it takes us about 100ms-300ms to blink!
If our animation is too computationally expensive, it'll appear janky and stuttery. Frames will get dropped, as the device can't keep up.
Animation performance is a surprisingly deep and interesting area, well beyond the scope of this introductory tutorial. But let's cover the absolutely-critical, need-to-know bits:
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If you're interested in learning more about animation performance, I gave a talk on this subject at React Rally. It goes deep into this topic:
Pay close attention to the letters. Notice how they appear to glitch slightly at the start and end of the transition, as if everything was locking into place?
, the browser will sometimes try to optimize this animation. Instead of rasterizing the pixels on every frame, it transfers everything to the GPU as a texture. GPUs are very good at doing these kinds of texture-based transformations, and as a result, we get a very slick, very performant animation. This is known as “hardware acceleration”.
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Is a property that allows us to hint to the browser that we're going to animate the selected element, and that it should optimize for this case.
Lets us be intentional about which elements should be hardware-accelerated. Browsers have their own inscrutable logic around this stuff, and I'd rather not leave it up to chance.
Check out these two boxes. They shift down when you hover/focus them. One of them is hardware-accelerated, and the other one isn't.
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It's maybe a bit subtle, depending on your device and your display, but one box moves much more smoothly than the other.
By delegating an element's rendering to the GPU, it'll consume more video memory, a resource that can be limited, especially on lower-end mobile devices.
This isn't as big a deal as it used to be — I've done some testing on a Xiaomi Redmi 7A, a popular budget smartphone in India, and it seems to hold up just fine. Just don't broadly apply
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. Even with a 0px value, the browser still hands it off to the GPU, since moving in 3D space is definitely a GPU strength. There's also
Came out, it was intended to give developers a proper, semantically-meaningful way to hint to the browser that an element should be optimized. In the early days, though, will-change had some problems.
Happily, it seems as though all of these issues have been resolved. I've done some testing, and have found that I get the best results across modern browsers with
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. But you should always do your own testing, to make sure that these techniques work on the devices and browsers you target.
A cute little detail is to give each action its own transition settings. For hover animations, I like to make the enter animation quick and snappy, while the exit animation can be a bit more relaxed and lethargic:
: for example, you might look at this situation and say that we have a “hover” state and a default state. Instead, what if we thought in terms of
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? We animate based on what the user is doing, thinking in terms of events, not states. We have a mouse-enter animation and a mouse-leave animation.
Well, we've come pretty far in our quest to become proficient with CSS transitions, but there are a couple final details to go over. Let's talk about transition delays.
As a developer, you can probably work out why this happens: the dropdown only stays open while being hovered! As we move the mouse diagonally to select a child, our cursor dips out-of-bounds, and the menu closes.
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When an element is moved up or down on hover, we need to be very careful we don't accidentally introduce a doom flicker:
The trouble occurs when the mouse is near the element's boundary. The hover effect takes the element out from under the mouse, which causes it to fall back down under the mouse, which causes the hover effect to trigger again… many times a second.
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When I see a well-crafted animation on the web, I react with delight and glee. People are different, though, and some folks have a
I've written before about respecting “prefers-reduced-motion”, an OS-level setting users can toggle to express a preference for less motion. Let's apply those lessons here, by disabling animations for folks who request it:
This small tweak means that animations will resolve immediately for users who have gone into their system preferences and toggled a checkbox.
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As front-end developers, we have a certain responsibility to ensure that our products aren't causing harm. This is a quick step we can perform to make our sites/apps friendlier
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