P S And L Waves Animation
- The Main Types Of Seismic Waves: P, S, And Surface Waves
- P Wave, The Difference Between P And S Waves And P Wave Formula
- Sequence Of Events
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An earthquake generates seismic waves that penetrate the Earth as body waves (P & S) or travel as surface waves (Love and Rayleigh). Each wave has a characteristic speed and style of motion. The animations below illustrate both the propogation of the wave as well as the motion of particles as the wave passes.
S Wave—secondary body waves that oscillate the ground perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. They travel about 1.7 times slower than P waves. Because liquids will not sustain shear stresses, S waves will not travel through liquids like water, molten rock, or the Earth’s outer core. S waves produce vertical and horizontal motion in the ground surface.
Rayleigh Waves—surface waves that move in an elliptical motion, producing both a vertical and horizontal component of motion in the direction of wave propagation.
The Main Types Of Seismic Waves: P, S, And Surface Waves
Seismic waves travel through the earth to a single seismic station. Scale and movement of the seismic station are greatly exaggerated to depict the relative motion recorded by the seismogram as P, S, and surface waves arrive.
We use exaggerated motion of a building (seismic station) to show how the ground moves during an earthquake, and why it is important to measure seismic waves using 3 components: vertical, N-S, and E-W. Before showing an actual distant earthquake, we break down the three axes of movement to clarify the 3 seismograms.
Seismic shadow zones have taught us much about the inside of the earth. This shows how P waves travel through solids and liquids, but S waves are stopped by the liquid outer core.
P Wave, The Difference Between P And S Waves And P Wave Formula
The P wave propagates at ~6 km/sec in rock withparticle motions that are parallel to the direction of propagation. The S wave is slower at4 km/sec and propagates with particle motions that areperpendicular to the direction of propagation.
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1. Introduction: Seismic wave animations are used to illustrate different types of wave propagation through elastic materials. Animations are provided to view wave propagation in a 3-dimensional solid for Compressional (P), Shear (S), Rayleigh (R) and Love (L) waves. Wave characteristics and particle motions of these wave types can be easily illustrated using the seismic wave animations.
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This tutorial is available for viewing with a browser (html file) and for downloading as an MS Word document or PDF file at the following locations:
2. Seismic Waves: The main seismic wave types are Compressional (P), Shear (S), Rayleigh (R) and Love (L) waves. P and S waves are often called body waves because they propagate outward in all directions from a source (such as an earthquake) and travel through the interior of the Earth. In the animations shown here, the P and S waves are shown propagating horizontally, parallel to the Earth’s surface. Love and Rayleigh waves are surface waves and propagate approximately parallel to the Earth’s surface. Although surface wave motion penetrates to significant depth in the Earth, these types of waves do not propagate directly through the Earth’s interior. Descriptions of wave characteristics and particle motions for the four wave types are given in Table 1.
Further information on seismic waves, wave propagation in the Earth, and visualizations of seismic waves can be found in Bolt (1993, p. 27 and 37; 2004, p. 21) and Shearer (1999, p. 32 and 152). Information on teaching about seismic waves and demonstrations of seismic wave characteristics using a slinky are provided at:
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Alternating compressions (“pushes”) and dilations (“pulls”) which are directed in the same direction as the wave is propagating (along the ray path); and therefore, perpendicular to the wavefront.
VP ~ 5 – 7 km/s in typical Earth’s crust; >~ 8 km/s in Earth’s mantle and core; ~1.5 km/s in water; ~0.3 km/s in air.
P motion travels fastest in materials, so the P-wave is the first-arriving energy on a seismogram. Generally smaller and higher frequency than the S and Surface-waves. P waves in a liquid or gas are pressure waves, including sound waves.
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Alternating transverse motions (perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and the ray path); commonly approximately polarized such that particle motion is in vertical or horizontal planes.
S-waves do not travel through fluids, so do not exist in Earth’s outer core (inferred to be primarily liquid iron) or in air or water or molten rock (magma). S waves travel slower than P waves in a solid and, therefore, arrive after the P wave.
VL ~2.0 - 4.4 km/s in the Earth depending on frequency of the propagating wave, and therefore the depth of penetration of the waves. In general, the Love waves travel slightly faster than the Rayleigh waves.
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Love waves exist because of the Earth’s surface. They are largest at the surface and decrease in amplitude with depth. Love waves are dispersive, that is, the wave velocity is dependent on frequency, generally with low frequencies propagating at higher velocity. Depth of penetration of the Love waves is also dependent on frequency, with lower frequencies penetrating to greater depth.
Motion is both in the direction of propagation and perpendicular (in a vertical plane), and “phased” so that the motion is generally elliptical – either prograde or retrograde.
VR ~2.0 - 4.2 km/s in the Earth depending on frequency of the propagating wave, and therefore the depth of penetration of the waves.
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Rayleigh waves are also dispersive and the amplitudes generally decrease with depth in the Earth. Appearance and particle motion are similar to water waves. Depth of penetration of the Rayleigh waves is also dependent on frequency, with lower frequencies penetrating to greater depth.
3. Seismic Wave Animations: Seismic wave animations for the P, S, Rayleigh and Love waves have been created using a 3-D grid shown in Figure 1. All wave types are designed to propagate in the X direction (illustrated in Figure 1) and parallel to the Earth’s surface. The wave animations illustrate wave characteristics and particle motion as listed in Table 1. However, no decrease in energy or amplitude with distance due to spreading out of the wave energy (geometrical spreading) or loss of amplitude caused by absorption of energy (sometimes called attenuation) by the media (due to anelasticity) are included. The elastic material is also assumed to be isotropic (velocity and other physical properties are the same for all directions of propagation), therefore, no anisotropy is included in the animations. Furthermore, for the surface wave animations, no dispersion (variation in wave velocity with frequency) has been included. The seismic wave animations were created using a Matlab code and then converted to an animated GIF format.
Other animations of P and S waves are contained in the Nova video Earthquake (1990; about 13 minutes into the program), of P, S, Rayleigh and Love waves in the Discovery Channel video Living with Violent Earth: We Live on Somewhat Shaky Ground (1989, about 3 minutes into the program) and in the 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica CD, Deluxe Edition (search for seismic waves), and of P (Longitudinal), S (Transverse), and Rayleigh waves at Prof. Daniel Russell’s site:
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Http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/demos.html. Wave propagation in the Earth can also be illustrated effectively using the simulation software Seismic Waves (developed by Alan Jones of SUNY, Binghamton) available at: http://bing.binghamton.edu/~ajones/.
Figure 1. View of 3-D grid used to illustrate seismic wave propagation. The mesh (grid) represents a volume of elastic material through which waves can propagate in the direction shown. The 3-D grid is shown in perspective view to demonstrate the wave propagation effects and particle motions of the different wave types in all directions. In the animations shown below, Compressional, Shear, Rayleigh and Love wave propagation through the elastic material is illustrated. In this 3-D volume, the grid is designed to have an upper surface (corresponding to the Earth’s surface) that consists of a boundary with a vacuum or very low density fluid above so that surface wave propagation (Rayleigh and Love waves) as well as body wave propagation (Compressional and Shear waves) can be illustrated.
4. P, S, Rayleigh and Love wave animations: Seismic wave animations (animated gifs that are viewed as html files using a browser such Internet Explorer or Netscape) can be opened by clicking on the images shown in Figures 2-5 below (use the Back or back arrow button in your browser to return to the current document).
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P Wave Animation: Click on the image shown in Figure 2 to view the P wave animation. Notice the following wave characteristics and particle motion of the P wave:
The deformation (a temporary elastic disturbance) propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation (extension). Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after the wave passes.
Figure 2. Click on Figure to view Compressional (P) wave animation; use the Back button to return to the current document. To better understand the particle motion and characteristics of the P wave, notice the deformation of the black
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