Benefits Of Animal Testing
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When I first started as R&D Manager at Kirkstall Ltd, I was completely unaware of the facts and numbers surrounding animal experiments. During my time as a Post-Doctoral researcher I never did animal experiments myself, but did work in a lab where animals were used as infection models. As a scientist, I accepted it; if animals are providing us with useful data that is being used to save lives, whether through increased understanding of disease/infection/physiology or through testing of new drugs, well that’s a necessary evil.
Research That Benefits Animals
As quoted in a recent New Scientist editorial (29/10/2016), in the Pharmaceutical arena only 1 in 9 drugs that pass through animal testing make it to the human market. Each drug that does make it costs $2 billion from concept to market, and these failed drugs are discarded largely because they don’t work, or they don’t work as well as was predicted by the animal model.
That's 8 out of 9 drugs that animal models predict will be effective but aren't; 8 out of 9 drugs that cannot enter the clinic because they don’t work. What other industry would base its entire business model around something with a failure rate of 89%? If 8 out of 9 testers for a new hair colour didn’t like it, would it enter the market? If 8 out of 9 crash test dummies showed fatal injuries, would the car get sold?
The message is even more abysmal when we look at the numbers. In the UK in 2015, 4.14 million procedures were performed on animals. (Side note: the word “procedure” is used because some animals are used for more than one test.) Of those, 402, 000 were used for translational/applied studies and 556, 000 used for regulatory tests. That’s just fewer than 1 million animals used for testing in an industrial setting.
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Let’s make some assumptions: if 8 out of 9 drugs fail, put simply 8 out of 9 industrial animal tests were useless. That’s around 850, 000 “procedures” that gave an outcome that was, ultimately, discarded. That’s 850, 000 animal procedures that were a waste of money, a waste of time, and a waste of life.The Canadian Council on Animal Care is an autonomous and independent regulatory body that oversees the ethical use of animals in science within Canada. They are accountable to the Canadian public and are responsible for the dissemination of information on the use of animals in science to Canadians. In December 2013, the CCAC released poll results that the majority of Canadians support the use of animals in research, teaching and testing. The poll was commissioned to gain a better understanding surrounding the current views of the Canadian public on the importance of animal welfare in science. Canadians don’t differentiate when it comes to the purpose of animal use in science. Roughly 60% believe the potential suffering of an animal to be acceptable or somewhat acceptable for safety testing of medicine, conducting medical research or teaching and training of professionals such as veterinarians. 20% of respondents think that any potential suffering of an animal is unacceptable.
Additionally, the poll found that more than half of Canadians believe that the welfare of the animal is important in determining if the use of that animal in scientific research or medical testing is acceptable or unacceptable. A further 30% thought that the benefits of using animals to advance science and medicine outweighed the welfare of the animals. The position that scientific and medical benefits need to be balanced against potential animal suffering is one that the research community shares with the majority of Canadians.
The poll results are consistent with similar polls in the USA and UK that the majority of people support humane and ethically conducted animal research. Unaware of this, a press release from STOP UBC Animal Research, a Canadian animal activist group, on December 9, 2013, stated:
Us Animal Research Statistics
“I don’t know whether there are public opinion surveys in Canada on this issue, but in the European Union and the USA, most people are opposed to inflicting harm and suffering on animals for the sake of “curiosity-driven” research, ” reports Dr. Menache, referencing: http://www.peh-med.com/content/5/1/14
The reality is that Menache’s reference – a Ray Greek paper – finds its facts from a 1999 New Scientist poll (see below) which asked “On balance, do you agree or disagree that scientists should be allowed to conduct any experiments on live animals”. The question is neither limited to the “curiosity-driven” research, nor even to medical research (and pre-dates European bans on cosmetic testing). It should be noted that when some context was provided the poll showed that more people agreed with the research than disagreed. These still low acceptance of 45% (to 41% against) can be explained by the word “any” in the question – we might agree with those experiments passing ethical review, but most of us can conceive of an experiment we would disagree with (e.g. a hypothetical experiment with lots of animal suffering for little if any benefit).
The truth is that the majority of people in these jurisdictions support animal research and this Canadian poll shows that the majority of Canadians support it as well. Basic research is not “curiosity-driven” research. It is work that is absolutely necessary to develop truly innovative treatments for many diseases and has been well explained previously. Other untruthful statements made by SUBCAR have been challenged here, here and here. The general public recognizes the importance of animal research to develop new safe therapies to treat disease and alleviate suffering in both human and veterinary medicine.
Pros And Cons Of Animal Experimentation
The CCAC has also released the Canadian animal use data for 2011. 3, 333, 689 vertebrate and cephalopod animals took part in studies during 2011; down by 1.2% when compared to the 2009 statistics (3, 375, 027). The three most-used animal types were fish (1, 300, 259), mice (1, 090, 730) and rats (225, 971). Dogs, cats and non-human primates cumulatively accounted for 0.6% of the animals. These statistics do not include other invertebrate animals that are also extensively used in research, like the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster and nematode worms.
The data is further broken down to categorize the invasiveness of the procedures and the purpose of the animal use. An example of a category B (33.7%) would be breeding of animals or the collection of blood. The catheterization of a blood vessel with appropriate analgesia and anaesthesia would be a category C (29.2%). Category D (33.2%) would include any major surgical procedures conducted under general anesthesia, with appropriate analgesia during the subsequent recovery. Procedures in which pain cannot be alleviated by using anesthetics or analgesics or that have the potential to cause severe pain or stress are considered a category E (3.9%). In this category studies could include animals that die without intervention (e.g. LD50, mortality as an end-point), studies that allow endpoints that are painful or stressful, pain research and noxious stimulation. The three most used types of animals in category E were fish, mice and guinea pigs. Within category E there was a 13% reduction in the number of animals used from 2009 to 2011. It is worth noting that animals are included in highest category of procedural invasiveness that they have the potential of being exposed to. Therefore not every animal in each category will have been exposed to that maximum level of invasiveness. Further information on categories of invasiveness can be found here.
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Basic research are studies of a fundamental nature in science relating to essential structure or function (PAU1) and accounted for 61% of animals in 2011. PAU1 saw a decrease of 294, 609 animals from 2009 to 2011. Studies for the development of products or appliances for human or veterinary medicine (PAU4) saw an increase of 218, 561 animals over the same time period representing 10.3% of animals in 2011. The proportions of the remaining 3 PAU categories stayed relatively consistent.
Pdf] Painful Dilemmas: A Study Of The Way The Public's Assessment Of Animal Research Balances Costs To Animals Against Human Benefits
As mentioned above Canadians’ support for the use of animals in science doesn’t differentiate when it comes to the purpose of animal use in scientific research and medical testing. That being said, the welfare of the animal is significantly important in determining if the use of that animal is acceptable or unacceptable. The CCAC occupies a pivotal role of encouraging transparency in the Canadian regulatory system by ensuring that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal care according to acceptable scientific standards and communicating all relevant information to the Canadian public, to whom they are accountable.The United Kingdom reports a wealth of information every year on its use of animals in research. Every animal procedure must be categorized according to the overall purpose (and specific disease area or regulatory purpose if relevant), the
“I don’t know whether there are public opinion surveys in Canada on this issue, but in the European Union and the USA, most people are opposed to inflicting harm and suffering on animals for the sake of “curiosity-driven” research, ” reports Dr. Menache, referencing: http://www.peh-med.com/content/5/1/14
The reality is that Menache’s reference – a Ray Greek paper – finds its facts from a 1999 New Scientist poll (see below) which asked “On balance, do you agree or disagree that scientists should be allowed to conduct any experiments on live animals”. The question is neither limited to the “curiosity-driven” research, nor even to medical research (and pre-dates European bans on cosmetic testing). It should be noted that when some context was provided the poll showed that more people agreed with the research than disagreed. These still low acceptance of 45% (to 41% against) can be explained by the word “any” in the question – we might agree with those experiments passing ethical review, but most of us can conceive of an experiment we would disagree with (e.g. a hypothetical experiment with lots of animal suffering for little if any benefit).
The truth is that the majority of people in these jurisdictions support animal research and this Canadian poll shows that the majority of Canadians support it as well. Basic research is not “curiosity-driven” research. It is work that is absolutely necessary to develop truly innovative treatments for many diseases and has been well explained previously. Other untruthful statements made by SUBCAR have been challenged here, here and here. The general public recognizes the importance of animal research to develop new safe therapies to treat disease and alleviate suffering in both human and veterinary medicine.
Pros And Cons Of Animal Experimentation
The CCAC has also released the Canadian animal use data for 2011. 3, 333, 689 vertebrate and cephalopod animals took part in studies during 2011; down by 1.2% when compared to the 2009 statistics (3, 375, 027). The three most-used animal types were fish (1, 300, 259), mice (1, 090, 730) and rats (225, 971). Dogs, cats and non-human primates cumulatively accounted for 0.6% of the animals. These statistics do not include other invertebrate animals that are also extensively used in research, like the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster and nematode worms.
The data is further broken down to categorize the invasiveness of the procedures and the purpose of the animal use. An example of a category B (33.7%) would be breeding of animals or the collection of blood. The catheterization of a blood vessel with appropriate analgesia and anaesthesia would be a category C (29.2%). Category D (33.2%) would include any major surgical procedures conducted under general anesthesia, with appropriate analgesia during the subsequent recovery. Procedures in which pain cannot be alleviated by using anesthetics or analgesics or that have the potential to cause severe pain or stress are considered a category E (3.9%). In this category studies could include animals that die without intervention (e.g. LD50, mortality as an end-point), studies that allow endpoints that are painful or stressful, pain research and noxious stimulation. The three most used types of animals in category E were fish, mice and guinea pigs. Within category E there was a 13% reduction in the number of animals used from 2009 to 2011. It is worth noting that animals are included in highest category of procedural invasiveness that they have the potential of being exposed to. Therefore not every animal in each category will have been exposed to that maximum level of invasiveness. Further information on categories of invasiveness can be found here.
Basic research are studies of a fundamental nature in science relating to essential structure or function (PAU1) and accounted for 61% of animals in 2011. PAU1 saw a decrease of 294, 609 animals from 2009 to 2011. Studies for the development of products or appliances for human or veterinary medicine (PAU4) saw an increase of 218, 561 animals over the same time period representing 10.3% of animals in 2011. The proportions of the remaining 3 PAU categories stayed relatively consistent.
Pdf] Painful Dilemmas: A Study Of The Way The Public's Assessment Of Animal Research Balances Costs To Animals Against Human Benefits
As mentioned above Canadians’ support for the use of animals in science doesn’t differentiate when it comes to the purpose of animal use in scientific research and medical testing. That being said, the welfare of the animal is significantly important in determining if the use of that animal is acceptable or unacceptable. The CCAC occupies a pivotal role of encouraging transparency in the Canadian regulatory system by ensuring that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal care according to acceptable scientific standards and communicating all relevant information to the Canadian public, to whom they are accountable.The United Kingdom reports a wealth of information every year on its use of animals in research. Every animal procedure must be categorized according to the overall purpose (and specific disease area or regulatory purpose if relevant), the
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