Breeding In Farm Animal
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Raising healthy and robust animals with improved animal welfare is a priority in modern livestock farming. By improving the propensity of animals for certain traits and preserving genetic diversity, it is possible to enhance entire populations of animals, with tangible benefits for farmers, consumers, and the environment. Animal breeding is the selective crossing of domestic animals chosen for their desirable or preferred traits.
Robustness, fertility, longevity, disease resistance, animal welfare, better use of feed resources, methane reduction and the reduction of the impact on the environment are all desirable qualities in the animal breeding programmes developed by animal breeders depending on the farming context. Breeders also practice the preservation, improvement, and promotion of local breeds.
Genomics Can Help Farm Animals Adapt To Climate Change • Earth.com
For this reason, animal breeding can play an important role in improving the genetics of animals, making them more resistant and more productive, which is essential to providing nutritious, safe and sustainable food for populations. In the context of climate change and biodiversity loss, animal breeding is a valuable tool for reducing the impacts of animal farming and helping farmers become more sustainable.
European animal breeding is a cornerstone for improvement and is forging ahead with sustainable animal production with the collaboration of other sectors. EFFAB, the European Forum of Farm Animal Breeders, is part of several platforms and key groups working to make progress together.
But what does responsible animal breeding mean? It means finding a sustainable compromise for people, the planet and farmed animals between traits related to the health and welfare of animals, their environmental impacts and the quality and quantity of food production.
Farm Animal Breeding & Reproduction Tp
For example, today, pigs and poultry need only half of the feed required 40 years ago.Genetic improvement in efficiency also leads to improved robustness and longevity of dairy cows, better feet and leg strength in both pigs and poultry, and enhanced gut health. Animal genetics is a key driver for more sustainable food production. It increases the quality of meat, milk and eggs, reduces the need for antibiotics, lessens emissions and the carbon footprint, and keeps genetic diversity.
As a commitment to responsible and balanced breeding, EFFAB members adopted Code EFABAR, the Code of good practices for animal breeding. The Code is based on six pillars: animal health and welfare, environment, product quality, genetic diversity, better use of resources and food safety and public health, recognizing the central role of sustainability in safeguarding food security. The Code is reviewed every three years, with the next version to be presented in 2023.
Engaging in dialogue is essential, such as increasing collaboration with AGRI-AQUA Food R&I and increasing interaction between research and industry. EFFAB-FABRE TP is also working to communicate the role of Animal Breeding and Genetics with a webinar series to engage members, stakeholders, EU officials and other actors in the animal breeding and reproduction sector. The aim is to discuss sustainability and other relevant topics in the context of the EU Green Deal, including Research and Innovation (R&I).Home Games & Quizzes History & Society Science & Tech Biographies Animals & Nature Geography & Travel Arts & Culture Money Videos
Torture Breeding Of Farm Animals
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Animal breeding, controlled propagation of domestic animals in order to improve desirable qualities. Humanity has been modifying domesticated animals to better suit human needs for centuries. Selective breeding involves using knowledge from several branches of science. These include genetics, statistics, reproductive physiology, computer science, and molecular genetics. This article discusses the basic principles of how populations of animals can be changed by application of these principles, and a brief discussion of molecular genetics, immunogenetics, and newer reproductive technologies is included. The fundamental biological principles underlying animal breeding are discussed in the articles heredity and animal reproductive system.
Collage Of Farm Animals Breeding Stock Image
English agriculturist Robert Bakewell was a very successful breeder of commercial livestock in the 18th century. His work was based on the traditional method of visual appraisal of the animals that he selected. Although he did not write about his methods, it is recorded that he traveled extensively by horseback and collected sheep and cattle that he considered useful. It is thought that he made wide outcrosses of diverse breeds, and then practiced inbreeding with the intent of fixing desirable characteristics in the crossbred animals. He was also the first to systematically let his animals for stud. For these reasons he is generally recognized as the first scientific breeder.
In animal breeding, a population is a group of interbreeding individuals—i.e., a breed or strain within a breed that is different in some aspects from other breeds or strains. Typically, certain animals within a breed are designated as purebred. The essential difference between purebred and nonpurebred animals is that the genealogy of purebred animals has been carefully recorded, usually in a herd book, or studbook, kept by some sanctioning association. Purebred associations provide other services that are useful to their members to enhance their businesses.
Selective breeding utilizes the natural variations in traits that exist among members of any population. Breeding progress requires understanding the two sources of variation: genetics and environment. For some traits there is an interaction of genetics and the environment. Differences in the animals’ environment, such as amount of feed, care, and even the weather, may have an impact on their growth, reproduction, and productivity. Such variations in performance because of the environment are not transmitted to the next generation. For most traits measured in domestic animals, the environment has a larger impact on variation than do genetic differences. For example, only about 30 percent of the variation in milk production in dairy cattle can be attributed to genetic effects; the remainder of the variation is due to environmental effects. Thus, environmental factors must be considered and controlled in selecting breeding stock.
Breeding Of Farm Animals. Livestock. Development Of Young Animals 313 Of The Adverse Effect Of Early Maturity Upon The General Vigor And Thrift Of The Animal, We Have But To Refrain
The mouse at bottom is heterozygous with a mutant gene that gives it a spotted tail. The two mice above it are paramutated; they also have spotted tails even though they do not carry the gene for this trait.
Genetic variation is necessary in order to make progress in breeding successive generations. Each gene, which is the basic unit of heredity, occupies a specific location, or locus, on a chromosome. Two or more genes may be associated with a specific locus and therefore with a specific trait. (Traits that can be observed directly, such as size, colour, shape, and so forth, make up an organism’s phenotype.) These genes are known as alleles. If paired alleles are the same, the organism is called homozygous for that trait; if they are different, the organism is heterozygous. Typically, one of the alleles will be expressed to the exclusion of the other allele, in which case the two alleles are referred to as dominant and recessive, respectively. However, sometimes neither dominates, in which case the two alleles are called codominant.
Although no complete knowledge of the genetic makeup of any breed of livestock exists yet, genetic variations can be used for improving stock. Researchers partition total genetic variation into additive, dominance, and epistatic types of gene action, which are defined in the following paragraphs. Additive variation is easiest to use in breeding because it is common and the effect of each allele at a locus just adds to the effect of other alleles at that same locus. Genetic gains made using additive genetic effects are permanent and cumulate from one generation to the next.
Breeding Of Farm Animals. Livestock. Systems Of Breeding L8l Their Pedigree, And Thus Fail To Consider Individual Merit And Performance. A Line Bred Pedigree Is Good Or Bad, According As The Individual
Although dominance variation is not more complex in theory, it is more difficult to control in practice because of how one allele masks the effect of another. For example, let
Additive and dominance variations are caused by genes at one locus. Epistatic variation is caused by the joint effects of genes at two or more loci. There has been little deliberate use of this type of genetic variation in breeding because of the complex nature of identifying and controlling the relevant genes.
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