Types Of Equine Animals
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Alois Wilhelm Podhajsky Director, Spanish Riding School of Vienna, 1939–64. Winner, Olympic Bronze Medal for Dressage (equestrian event), 1936. Author of The Complete Training of Horse and Rider and others.
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, whose numerous varieties are called breeds. Before the advent of mechanized vehicles, the horse was widely used as a draft animal, and riding on horseback was one of the chief means of transportation.
In prehistoric times the wild horse was probably first hunted for food. Research suggests that domestication had taken place by approximately 6, 000 years ago. It is supposed that the horse was first used by a tribe of Indo-European origin that lived in the steppes north of the chain of mountains adjacent to the Black and Caspian seas. Influenced by climate, food, and humans, the horse rapidly acquired its present form.
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The relationship of the horse to humans has been unique. The horse is a partner and friend. It has plowed fields and brought in the harvest, hauled goods and conveyed passengers, followed game and tracked cattle, and carried combatants into battle and adventurers to unknown lands. It has provided recreation in the form of jousts, tournaments, carousels, and the sport of riding. The influence of the horse is expressed in the English language in such terms as
The horse is the “proudest conquest of Man, ” according to the French zoologist Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon. Its place was at its master’s side in the graves of the Scythian kings or in the tombs of the pharaohs. Many early human cultures were centred on possession of the horse. Superstition read meaning into the colous of the horse, and a horse’s head suspended near a grave or sanctuary or on the gables of a house conferred supernatural powers on the place. Greek mythology created the Centaur, the most obvious symbol of the oneness of horse and rider. White stallions were the supreme sacrifice to the gods, and the Greek general Xenophon recorded that “gods and heroes are depicted on well-trained horses.” A beautiful and well-trained horse was, therefore, a status symbol in ancient Greece. Kings, generals, and statesmen, of necessity, had to be horsemen. The names of famous horses are inseparably linked to those of their famous riders: Bucephalus, the charger of Alexander the Great; Incitatus, once believed to have been made a senator by the Roman emperor Caligula (
Researcher’s Note); El Morzillo, Hernán Cortés’s favorite horse, to whom the Indians erected a statue; Roan Barbery, the stallion of Richard II, mentioned by Shakespeare; Copenhagen, the duke of Wellington’s horse, which was buried with military honors.
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The horse has occupied a special place in the realm of art. From Stone Age drawings to the marvel of the Parthenon frieze, from Chinese Tang dynasty tomb sculptures to Leonardo da Vinci’s sketches and Andrea del Verrocchio’s Colleoni, from the Qurʾān to modern literature, the horse has inspired artists of all ages and in all parts of the world.
The horse in life has served people in travels, wars, and labours and in death has provided many commodities. Long before their domestication, horses were hunted for their flesh, and horsemeat is still consumed by people in parts of Europe and in Iceland and is included in many pet foods. Horse bones and cartilage are used to make glue. Tetanus antitoxin is obtained from the blood serum of horses previously inoculated with tetanus toxoid. From horsehide a number of articles are manufactured, including fine shoes and belts. The cordovan leather fabricated by the Moors in Córdoba, Spain, was originally made from horsehide. Fur coats are made of the sleek coats of foals. Horsehair has wide use in upholstery, mattresses, and stiff lining for coats and suits; high-quality horsehair, usually white, is employed for violin bows. Horse manure, which today provides the basis for cultivation of mushrooms, was used by the Scythians for fuel. Mare’s milk was drunk by the Scythians, the Mongols, and the Arabs.
A mature male horse is called a stallion, the female a mare. A stallion used for breeding is known as a stud. A castrated stallion is commonly called a gelding. Formerly, stallions were employed as riding horses, while mares were kept for breeding purposes only. Geldings were used for work and as ladies’ riding horses. Recently, however, geldings generally have replaced stallions as riding horses. Young horses are known as foals; male foals are called colts and females fillies.is a gus of mammals in the family Equidae, which includes horses, asses, and zebras. Within the Equidae, Equus is the only recognized extant gus, comprising sev living species. Like Equidae more broadly, Equus has numerous extinct species known only from fossils. The gus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slder legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies), and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers, with simpler digestive systems than ruminants but able to subsist on lower-quality vegetation.
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While the domestic horse and donkey (along with their feral descdants) exist worldwide, wild equine populations are limited to Africa and Asia. Wild equine social systems are in two forms; a harem system with tight-knit groups consisting of one adult male or stallion/jackass, several females or mares/jnets, and their young or foals; and a territorial system where males establish territories with resources that attract females, which associate very fluidly. In both systems, females take care of their offspring, but males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other both visually and vocally. Human activities have threated wild equine populations.
The gus Equus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is the only recognized extant gus in the family Equidae.
The first equids were small, dog-sized mammals (e.g. Eohippus) adapted for browsing on shrubs during the Eoce, around 54 million years ago (Mya). These animals had three toes on the hind feet and four on the front feet with small hooves in place of claws, but also had soft pads.
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The gus Equus, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from Dinohippus, via the intermediate form Plesippus. One of the oldest species is Equus simplicids, described as zebra-like with a donkey-like head shape. The oldest material to date was found in Idaho, USA. The gus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged E. livzovsis documted from western Europe and Russia.
Molecular phylogies indicate that the most rect common ancestor of all modern equines (members of the gus Equus) lived ~5.6 (3.9-7.8) Mya. Direct paleogomic sequcing of a 700, 000-year-old middle Pleistoce horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more rect 4.07 Mya for the most rect common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5 Mya.
Mitochondrial evidce supports the division of Equus species into noncaballoid (which includes zebras and asses) and caballoids or true horses (which includes E. caballus and E. ferus przewalskii, alternatively E. przewalskii).
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But only a single species, Equus ovodovi survived into the Late Pleistoce and Holoce in south Siberia and China, with the youngest remains from China dating to around 3500 BP (1500 BC), during the Shang dynasty.
Getic results suggest that all North American fossils of caballine equines, as well as South American fossils traditionally placed in the subgus E. (Amerhippus), belong to E. ferus.
Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped together as New World stilt-legged horses (including E. francisci, E. tau, and E. quinni) probably all belong to a second species that was demic to North America.
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This was confirmed in a getic study done in 2017, which subsumed all the specims into the species E. francisci which was placed outside all extant horse species in the new gus Haringtonhippus
The possible causes of the extinction of horses in the Americas (about 12, 000 years ago) have be a matter of debate. Hypotheses include climatic change and overexploitation by newly arrived humans.
Many extinct prehistoric species of Equus have be described. The validity of some of these species is questionable and a matter of debate. For example, Equus niobrarsis is likely synonymous with Equus scotti, while Equus alaskae is most likely the same species as Equus lambei, which itself may be a North American form of the living Equus przewalskii.
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DNA studies on American horse remains found froz into permafrost have shown that several of the supposed American species, and the European Equus ferus, are actually one highly-variable widespread species. ,
As if the evolutionary process of speciation was persisttly being
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