Animal Science Biotechnology

1. The Impact Of Gene Technology In Animal Agriculture And Food Production Crop Biotech Update (august 25, 2021)
   1. Official Website Of Alagappa University
2. Animal Biotechnology Ebook By
3. Vision Publications, Pune, Educational Books, Biotechnology, Sppu
4. Bachelor Of Animal Science Study Program Universitas Diponegoro Invited Prof. Rangsun Parnpai To Share About Reproductive Biotechnology In Livestock And Wildlife Species

Animal biotechnology is a part of biotechnology in which molecular biology techniques are used to genetically engineer animals for the purpose of improve their desirability for agriculture, industrial, or pharmaceutical applications. Animal biotechnology has been used to generate genetically modified animals that better serve the demands of people.

Advances in animal biotechnology have been supported by current progress in sequencing genome, gene expression and metabolic profiling of animal cells. More recently, genome editing technologies (Zinc Finger Nucleases, TALENS, and CRISPR-Cas methods) have reveal new opportunities to simply create genetic variations in animals that can enrich their health and well-being and agricultural production.

Introduction to and history of molecular biotechnology; reviews on regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; principles and techniques in recombinant DNA technology; production of recombinant protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; mutagenesis, protein engineering and directed evolution; various applications of molecular biotechnology.

The Impact Of Gene Technology In Animal Agriculture And Food Production Crop Biotech Update (august 25, 2021)

Methods and algorithms for sequence alignment: pairwise sequence alignment, database similarity searching, multiple sequence alignment; profiles and Hidden Markov Models; gene finding and protein sequence analysis; processing of data obtained from DNA sequencers including assembly of raw data into a contiguous sequence, finding open reading frames and translating into amino acid sequences; sequence analysis tools used in recombinant DNA technology including restriction mapping, primer design, DNA cloning and mutagenesis; DNA, RNA and amino acid sequence analysis using publicly available web based tools.

Laboratory work emphasizing the principles of inheritance; experiments with microorganisms and an independent study of inheritance in Drosophila melanogaster and Zea mays; problems solving and discussion.

Improvement of animal products; animal biotechnological production; safety and quality assurance of animal-based production; industrial or pharmaceutical applications; farm animal biotechnology; animal genetics and breeding; animal nutrition; animal reproduction; the diagnosis of disease and vaccine development; tissue engineering; animal conservation.

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Immune system and immune responses, bacterial infection, viral infection, parasitic infection, helminth infection and fungal infection, poisonous animals, non-communicable diseases, cancer, and environmental pollution and impacts on health.Figure 1. The basic scheme for somatic cell cloning. An individual somatic cell from a donor animal placed into an enucleated cow oocyte. The reconstructed oocyte is then exposed to an electrofusion procedure to activate the cloning process. The nuclear DNA from the donor cell then directs the formation of a newly formed cloned embryo, which is then transferred to a recipient female to be carried to term.

Martha Gomez, an assistant professor in the LSU AgCenter’s Department of Animal Sciences, and her team at the Audubon Center for Research on Endangered Species (ACRES) in New Orleans, La., produced the world’s first clone of an African wildcat. This clone, named “Ditteaux, ” was the center of attention at a recent press conference. Gomez did her postdoctoral research with Earl Pope at ACRES and Robert Godke, Boyd Professor in animal sciences. The African wildcat is an endangered species. The AgCenter is a collaborator with ACRES on this project. (Photo by Linda Foster Benedict)

This heifer calf, named “Ninja, ” was the first somatic cell cloned calf produced at the LSU AgCenter’s Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory three years ago. Using this new cloning technology, the calf was produced from a small tissue sample taken from a mature Brangus-based cow in the LSU Reproductive Physiology breeding herd. (Photo by John Woznaik)

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LSU AgCenter scientists at the Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL) were part of the team that produced the world’s first cloned transgenic goats in 1999, which produced pharmaceutical proteins in their milk. Above are two recently cloned dairy goats produced at the EBL. They are transgenic and will have the ability to produce human pharmaceutical proteins in their milk when they produce offspring. (Photo by Robert A. Godke)

Recent developments in cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetic engineering have given new dimensions to research and application of biotechnology to farm animals. Historically, artificial insemination, one of the early reproductive technologies, has provided excellent opportunities to expand the superior genetics of selected animals in planned breeding programs. With the development of applied aspects of embryo transfer technology (nonsurgical collection and transfer methods for cattle) in the mid 1970s, animal reproduction again entered a new age of technical advancement. Although beef cattle prices, industry promotion and producer interest enhanced the use of this technology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, embryo transplantation is more often used today by dairy producers.

Embryo transfer methodologies in the future will likely be conducted using unique or laboratory-derived specialized embryos. In the years to come, the embryos for transfer will be produced with frozen sperm from genetically valuable males and oocytes (eggs) harvested from cows in the producer’s own herd, evaluated for gender and likely tested for valuable genetic traits before the embryos are transferred to the recipient females. On the horizon, cloned embryos will be produced from cells from valuable males and females, or even produced with foreign genes introduced into the genetic makeup of the embryo before the cloning procedure.

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Various studies have reported that male embryos develop at a faster rate than female embryos in the early stages of embryonic development. The faster development of male embryos has been described for mouse, pig, cow and human embryos, and has been attributed to the presence of the Y chromosome in male embryos. An alternative hypothesis is that before X chromosome inactiva-tion, the activity of two X chromosomes subsequently hinders the growth of female embryos. Knowing that male embryos generally grow faster, and those are at a later stage of development than female embryos, one could increase the chances of producing a male offspring by selecting the most developed cattle embryos from an embryo collection to transfer to recipient females.

Microsurgical methods have been developed to extract individual cells (called blastomeres) from early stage embryos. The cells remaining in the biopsied embryo generally survive and develop into a viable offspring. The efficiency of embryo production from early stage embryos, however, tends to lessen in farm animals because there are fewer cells remaining in the embryo. The individual cells removed from both early- and later-stage embryos can be used to determine the sex of each embryo before transfer to a recipient female. Embryo sexing using the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) amplification procedure known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with specific Y-chromosome DNA probes, is remarkably accurate for sexing cattle embryos. This method has recently been made user-friendly and can be complet-ed within 2.5 to 6 hours after the embryos are harvested from donor animals. Sexing later-stage embryos at 6, 7 or 8 days of age before transplanta-tion is now available at most embryo transplant stations. There are at least two commercial companies operating in North America that distribute a complete cattle embryo-sexing kit for in-field use. The capability of sexing embryos would give the producers the option of selecting bull or heifer calves for market and reproductive manage-ment purposes.

Animal Genetic Testing After removing individual cells from the embryo (using microsurgery) just before transfer, genetic markers can now be used to identify genes causing genetic diseases in farm animals, for example bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, more commonly known as BLAD, and economically important quantitative trait loci (QTLs) can be identified in the embryo.

Vision Publications, Pune, Educational Books, Biotechnology, Sppu

Once a defective gene or a specific QTL is identified in the embryo, the producer would have the option to either transfer or discard an embryo. An embryo with a proper combination of alleles for myostatin, thyroglobulin and calcium-activated neural protease, for example, could have an increased market value because of its potential for enhanced growth rate, improved marbling and increased tenderness. Cells of the embryo could also be tested to verify parentage or to enable selection for or against a phenotypic trait, such as red coat color in cattle. Selecting embryos with specific animal produc-tion traits (for example, high milk production or increased feed efficiency) would give the producer an advantage in efficiency over other producers not using this molecular technology. This powerful new biotechnology tool has the potential to greatly enhance the live-stock industry in the years to come.

Monoclonal Antibodies To Detect Disease Antibodies that aid in diagnosing and treating disease can now be produced through animal biotechnology. Laboratory animals (for example, rabbits) are injected, usually two or more times over several months, with a foreign protein and an adjuvant to trigger the animal to respond by producing antibodies to the foreign protein in their blood stream. After a laboratory cell fusion step, hybrid cells called hybridomas, under specific laboratory culture conditions, will produce antibodies to the original foreign protein injected into the animal. These highly specific antibodies are referred to as monoclonal antibodies.

These hybridoma cells are considered to be immortal and have the capacity to produce large quantities of antibodies under industrial conditions. Each antibody is uniquely specific for a selected protein. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies makes these laboratory-produced proteins useful in live-animal diagnostic tests for various infectious agents and for immunological treatment of infectious diseases in farm animals.

Bachelor Of Animal Science Study Program Universitas Diponegoro Invited Prof. Rangsun Parnpai To Share About Reproductive Biotechnology In Livestock And Wildlife Species

The value of this new technology for producers will be in detecting diseases in farm animals. Immuno-diagnostic kits, each with a specific monoclonal antibody to a causative disease agent, are now being used on farms and ranches