Stethoscope Animal Definition
The stethoscope is a medical device for auscultation, or listing to internal sounds of an animal or human body. It typically has a small disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the skin, with either one or two tubes connected to two earpieces. A stethoscope can be used to list to the sounds made by the heart, lungs or intestines, as well as blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with a manual sphygmomanometer, it is commonly used wh measuring blood pressure.
Less commonly, mechanic's stethoscopes, equipped with rod shaped chestpieces, are used to list to internal sounds made by machines (for example, sounds and vibrations emitted by worn ball bearings), such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile gine by listing to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scitific vacuum chambers for leaks and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks.
It consisted of a wood tube and was monaural. Lanec invted the stethoscope because he was not comfortable placing his ear directly onto a woman's chest in order to list to her heart.
Stethoscope: Meaning, Types, And Uses
He observed that a rolled piece of paper, placed betwe the individual's chest and his ear, could amplify heart sounds without requiring physical contact.
Lanec's device was similar to the common ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invtion was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a microphone. Lanec called his device the stethoscope
(stetho- + -scope, chest scope), and he called its use mediate auscultation, because it was auscultation with a tool intermediate betwe the individual's body and the physician's ear. (Today the word auscultation dotes all such listing, mediate or not.) The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have be a binaural instrumt with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829.
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In 1840, Golding Bird described a stethoscope he had be using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope, but he noted in his paper the prior existce of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird's stethoscope had a single earpiece.
In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invted a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852, George Philip Cammann perfected the design of the stethoscope instrumt (that used both ears) for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differtial stethoscope that could connect to slightly differt locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice.
Somerville Scott Alison described his invtion of the stethophone at the Royal Society in 1858; the stethophone had two separate bells, allowing the user to hear and compare sounds derived from two discrete locations. This was used to do definitive studies on binaural hearing and auditory processing that advanced knowledge of sound localization and evtually led to an understanding of binaural fusion.
Ways To Use A Stethoscope
The medical historian Jacalyn Duffin has argued that the invtion of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the currt sse of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system ev if there are no observable symptoms. This re-conceptualization occurred in part, Duffin argues, because prior to stethoscopes, there were no non-lethal instrumts for exploring internal anatomy.
Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s, which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system. The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by Hewlett-Packard. HP's medical products division was spun off as part of Agilt Technologies, Inc., where it became Agilt Healthcare. Agilt Healthcare was purchased by Philips which became Philips Medical Systems, before the walnut-boxed, $300, original Rappaport-Sprague stethoscope was finally abandoned ca. 2004, along with Philips' brand (manufactured by Andromed, of Montreal, Canada) electronic stethoscope model. The Rappaport-Sprague model stethoscope was heavy and short (18–24 in (46–61 cm)) with an antiquated appearance recognizable by their two large indepdt latex rubber tubes connecting an exposed leaf-spring-joined pair of opposing F-shaped chrome-plated brass binaural ear tubes with a dual-head chest piece.
Several other minor refinemts were made to stethoscopes until, in the early 1960s, David Littmann, a Harvard Medical School professor, created a new stethoscope that was lighter than previous models and had improved acoustics.
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In the late 1970s, 3M-Littmann introduced the tunable diaphragm: a very hard (G-10) glass-epoxy resin diaphragm member with an overmolded silicone flexible acoustic surround which permitted increased excursion of the diaphragm member in a Z-axis with respect to the plane of the sound collecting area.
The left shift to a lower resonant frequcy increases the volume of some low frequcy sounds due to the longer waves propagated by the increased excursion of the hard diaphragm member suspded in the conctric accountic surround. Conversely, restricting excursion of the diaphragm by pressing the stethoscope diaphragm surface firmly against the anatomical area overlying the physiological sounds of interest, the acoustic surround could also be used to damp excursion of the diaphragm in response to z-axis pressure against a conctric fret. This raises the frequcy bias by shorting the wavelgth to auscultate a higher range of physiological sounds.
In 1999, Richard Deslauriers patted the first external noise reducing stethoscope, the DRG Puretone. It featured two parallel lums containing two steel coils which dissipated infiltrating noise as inaudible heat ergy. The steel coil insulation added .30 lb to each stethoscope. In 2005, DRG's diagnostics division was acquired by TRIMLINE Medical Products.
M Littmann Classic Iii Stethoscope
Stethoscopes are a symbol of healthcare professionals. Healthcare providers are oft se or depicted wearing a stethoscope around the neck. A 2012 research paper claimed that the stethoscope, wh compared to other medical equipmt, had the highest positive impact on the perceived trustworthiness of the practitioner se with it.
Prevailing opinions on the utility of the stethoscope in currt clinical practice vary depding on the medical specialty. Studies have shown that auscultation skill (i.e., the ability to make a diagnosis based on what is heard through a stethoscope) has be in decline for some time, such that some medical educators are working to re-establish it.
In geral practice, traditional blood pressure measuremt using a mechanical sphygmomanometer with inflatable cuff and stethoscope is gradually being replaced with automated blood pressure monitors.
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Acoustic stethoscopes operate on the transmission of sound from the chest piece, via air-filled hollow tubes, to the lister's ears. The chestpiece usually consists of two sides that can be placed against the patit for ssing sound: a diaphragm (plastic disc) or bell (hollow cup). If the diaphragm is placed on the patit, body sounds vibrate the diaphragm, creating acoustic pressure waves which travel up the tubing to the lister's ears. If the bell is placed on the patit, the vibrations of the skin directly produce acoustic pressure waves traveling up to the lister's ears. The bell transmits low frequcy sounds, while the diaphragm transmits higher frequcy sounds. To deliver the acoustic ergy primarily to either the bell or diaphragm, the tube connecting into the chamber betwe bell and diaphragm is op on only one side and can rotate. The oping is visible wh connected into the bell. Rotating the tube 180 degrees in the head connects it to the diaphragm. This two-sided stethoscope was invted by Rappaport and Sprague in the early part of the 20th ctury.
An electronic stethoscope (or stethophone) overcomes the low sound levels by electronically amplifying body sounds. However, amplification of stethoscope contact artifacts, and compont cutoffs (frequcy response thresholds of electronic stethoscope microphones, pre-amps, amps, and speakers) limit electronically amplified stethoscopes' overall utility by amplifying mid-range sounds, while simultaneously attuating high- and low- frequcy range sounds. Currtly, a number of companies offer electronic stethoscopes. Electronic stethoscopes require conversion of acoustic sound waves to electrical signals which can th be amplified and processed for optimal listing. Unlike acoustic stethoscopes, which are all based on the same physics, transducers in electronic stethoscopes vary widely. The simplest and least effective method of sound detection is achieved by placing a microphone in the chestpiece. This method suffers from ambit noise interferce and has fall out of favor. Another method, used in Welch-Allyn's Meditron stethoscope, comprises placemt of a piezoelectric crystal at the head of a metal shaft, the bottom of the shaft making contact with a diaphragm. 3M also uses a piezo-electric crystal placed within foam behind a thick rubber-like diaphragm. The Thinklabs' Rhythm 32 uses an electromagnetic diaphragm with a conductive inner surface to form a capacitive ssor. This diaphragm responds to sound waves, with changes in an electric field replacing changes in air pressure. The Eko Core ables wireless transmission of heart sounds to a smartphone or tablet. The Eko Duo can take electrocardiograms as well as echocardiograms. This ables clinicians to scre for conditions such as heart failure, which would not be possible with a traditional stethoscope.
Because the sounds are
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