Poultry Farming And Animal Husbandry
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chicks, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food. Poultry – mostly chicks – are farmed in great numbers. More than 60 billion chicks are killed for consumption annually.
In the United States, the national organization overseeing poultry production is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the UK, the national organisation is the Departmt for vironmt, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).
One alternative to intsive poultry farming is free-range farming using lower stocking dsities. Poultry producers routinely use nationally approved medications, such as antibiotics, in feed or drinking water, to treat disease or to prevt disease outbreaks. Some FDA-approved medications are also approved for improved feed utilization.
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A chick coop or h house is a structure where chicks or other fowl are kept safe and secure. There may be nest boxes and perches in the house. There is a long-standing controversy over the basic need for a chick coop. One philosophy, known as the fresh air school is that chicks are mostly hardy but can be brought low by confinemt, poor air quality and darkness, hce the need for a highly vtilated or op-sided coop with conditions more like the outdoors, ev in winter.
However, others who keep chicks believe they are prone to illness in outdoor weather and need a controlled-vironmt coop. This has led to two housing designs for chicks: fresh-air houses with wide opings and nothing more than wire mesh betwe chicks and the weather (ev in Northern winters), or closed houses with doors, windows and hatches which can shut off most vtilation.
Commercial hs usually begin laying eggs at 16–21 weeks of age, although production gradually declines soon after from approximately 25 weeks of age.
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This means that in many countries, by approximately 72 weeks of age, flocks are considered economically unviable and are slaughtered after approximately 12 months of egg production,
Vironmtal conditions are oft automatically controlled in egg-laying systems. For example, the duration of the light phase is initially increased to prompt the beginning of egg-laying at 16–20 weeks of age and th mimics summer day lgth which stimulates the hs to continue laying eggs all year round; normally, egg production occurs only in the warmer months. Some commercial breeds of h can produce over 300 eggs a year.
Free-range poultry farming allows chicks to roam freely for a period of the day, although they are usually confined in sheds at night to protect them from predators or kept indoors if the weather is particularly bad. In the UK, the Departmt for vironmt, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) states that a free-range chick must have day-time access to op-air runs during at least half of its life. Unlike in the United States, this definition also applies to free-range egg-laying hs. The European Union regulates marketing standards for egg farming which specifies a minimum condition for free-range eggs that hs have continuous daytime access to op air runs, except in the case of temporary restrictions imposed by veterinary authorities.
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The RSPCA Welfare standards for laying hs and pullets indicates that the stocking rate must not exceed 1, 000 birds per hectare (10 m
Free-range farming of egg-laying hs is increasing its share of the market. Defra figures indicate that 45% of eggs produced in the UK throughout 2010 were free range, 5% were produced in barn systems and 50% from cages. This compares with 41% being free range in 2009.
Suitable land requires adequate drainage to minimise worms and coccidial oocysts, suitable protection from prevailing winds, good vtilation, access and protection from predators. Excess heat, cold or damp can have a harmful effect on the animals and their productivity.
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Free range farmers have less control than farmers using cages in what food their chicks eat, which can lead to unreliable productivity,
The befits of free range poultry farming for laying hs include opportunities for natural behaviours such as pecking, scratching, foraging and exercise outdoors.
Both intsive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. Cannibalism, feather pecking and vt pecking can be common, prompting some farmers to use beak trimming as a prevtative measure, although reducing stocking rates would eliminate these problems.
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Instead of keeping them in cages, free-run laying hs roam freely within an closed barn. This type of housing also provides richmt for the hs, including nesting boxes and perches that are oft located along the floor of the barn. Many believe that this type of housing is better for the bird than any caging system, but it has its disadvantages, too. Due to the increase in activity of the birds, dust levels td to elevate and the air quality decreases. Wh air quality drops, so does production as this compromises the health and welfare of both birds and their caretakers.
In organic egg-laying systems, chicks are also free-range. Organic systems are based upon restrictions on the routine use of synthetic yolk colourants, in-feed or in-water medications, other food additives and synthetic amino acids, and a lower stocking dsity and smaller group sizes.
Used to certify organic flocks in the UK, indicate a maximum outdoors stocking dsity of 1, 000 birds per hectare and a maximum of 2, 000 hs in each poultry house. In the UK, organic laying hs are not routinely beak-trimmed.
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While oft confused with free range farming, yarding is actually a separate method by which a hutch and fced-off area outside are combined wh farming poultry. The distinction is that free-range poultry are either totally unfced, or the fce is so distant that it has little influce on their freedom of movemt. Yarding is a common technique used by small farms in the Northeastern U.S. The birds are released daily from hutches or coops. The hs usually lay eggs either on the floor of the coop or in baskets if provided by the farmer. This husbandry technique can be complicated if used with roosters, mostly because of their aggressive behavior.
Has banned the convtional battery cage in EU states from January 2012. As of April 1, 2017, no new battery cages are able to be installed in Canada.
Farmers must move towards riched housing or use a cage-free system. In 2016, the Egg Farmers of Canada announced that the country's egg farmers will be transitioning away from convtional h housing systems (battery cages) and have no convtional caging left by 2036.
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These are small cages, usually made of metal in modern systems, housing 3 to 8 hs. The walls are made of either solid metal or mesh, and the floor is sloped wire mesh to allow the feces to drop through and eggs to roll onto an egg-collecting conveyor belt. Water is usually provided by overhead nipple systems, and food in a trough along the front of the cage replished at regular intervals by a mechanical system.
Battery cages are arranged in long rows as multiple tiers, oft with cages back-to-back (hce the term). Within a single barn, there may be several floors containing battery cages meaning that a single shed may contain many ts of thousands of hs. Light intsity is oft kept low (e.g. 10 lux) to reduce feather pecking and vt pecking. Befits of battery cages include easier care for the birds, floor-laid eggs (which are expsive to collect) are eliminated, eggs are cleaner, capture at the d of lay is expedited, gerally less feed is required to produce eggs, broodiness is eliminated, more hs may be housed in a giv house floor space, internal parasites are more easily treated, and labor requiremts are gerally much reduced.
In farms using cages for egg production, there are more birds per unit area; this allows for greater productivity and lower food costs.
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The space available to battery hs has oft be described as less than the size of a piece of A4 paper (623 cm
Animal welfare scitists have be critical of battery cages because they do not provide hs with sufficit space to stand, walk, flap their wings, perch, or make a nest, and it is widely considered that hs suffer through boredom and frustration through being unable to perform these behaviours.
Banned convtional battery cages for laying hs throughout the European Union from January 1, 2012; they were banned previously in other countries including Switzerland. In response to these bans, developmt of prototype commercial furnished cage systems began in the 1980s. Furnished cages, sometimes called 'riched' or 'modified' cages, are cages for egg-laying hs which have be designed to allow the hs to perform their natural behaviors whilst retaining their economic and husbandry advantages, and also provide some of the welfare advantages of non-cage systems. Many design features of furnished cages have be incorporated because research in animal welfare scice has shown them to be of befit to the hs. In the UK, the Defra Code for the Welfare of Laying Hs
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Of which should be usable; the height of the cage other than that above the usable area should be at least 20 cm at every point and no cage should have a total area that is less than 2000 cm
. In addition, furnished cages should
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